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Obsessive-compulsive disorder, in other words obsessive-compulsive disorder, occurs after depression, prolonged drug use and specific phobias. This disease can occur at different periods of life in 2% of the population.

Experts from the University of Oxford suggested that since psilocybin and ocd has already been proven effective in treating depression and anxiety, it may also be useful in treating OCD.

In particular, it could be used to interrupt repetitive thoughts and actions in patients. In order to understand whether this is so, they conducted a meta-analysis of studies on this topic, says New Atlas.

Among a number of studies that do not meet modern scientific principles, they found several substantiated hypotheses explaining the benefits of adrenaline in the treatment of OCD. One of them, for example, concerned several interconnected regions of the brain - the so-called passive mode network of the brain (SPRM), which is activated in humans at rest. Its functioning is associated with rumination and daydreaming, and its dysfunction is associated with depression and anxiety.

Psilocybin appears to serve as a kind of reset button for the malfunctioning SRM that is seen in patients with OCD. Experiments have shown that one dose of the substance can temporarily disrupt the functioning of this neural network if it begins to malfunction.

And in a 2006 study, patients with moderate to severe OCD were given a dose of psilocybin every seven days for three weeks. All of them experienced temporary relief within 24 hours of taking the drug. Long-term effects were also noted, although to a lesser extent.

However, despite evidence of the psychedelic's effectiveness in the treatment of OCD and other disorders, the process of legalizing it as a medical drug is just beginning. Political and social norms impede research, and the inability to generate much profit from the sale of this natural substance, which is not subject to patents, deprives scientists of funding from pharmaceutical companies.

However, the decriminalization of psychedelics has already begun in some places. In November, residents of the US state of Oregon will hold the world's first referendum on the legalization of psychedelics. If the decision is positive, mushrooms that cause hallucinations can be grown in special institutions and taken in clinics under the supervision of doctors.

Psilocybin, a naturally occurring substance found in magic mushrooms or master mushrooms, is a chemical compound that has strong psychoactive effects. Some research has shown that taking psilocybin in some people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can significantly improve its signs and symptoms. These studies have shown that psilocybin, as a psychoactive substance, can help control OCD symptoms and in some cases can even reduce repetitive and compulsive behaviors. However, before using psilocybin or any other substance, be sure to check with your doctor to make sure it is the right and safe way to treat your OCD.

OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) is a mental disorder that is associated with irrational repetition of thoughts and worries (obsessions) and performing repetitive and compulsive actions (compulsions). This disorder can affect people's daily life and severely reduce the quality of life. Research has shown that psilocybin, a chemical compound found in chanterelle mushrooms, may be effective in improving OCD symptoms.

Psilocybin is a complex compound that, upon entering the brain, causes strong psychoactive effects with rapid action. This compound in the brain quickly goes to the precursor of serotonin (5-HT2A) and by interacting with it, it creates changes in different neural networks.

Research conducted on the effects of psilocybin and ocd shows that this compound can be effective as a psychoactive agent in improving the signs and symptoms of OCD. One study of people with OCD found that taking a single session of psilocybin under the supervision of a doctor may lead to significant improvement in OCD symptoms. Other research has also shown that psilocybin can affect brain function and alter abnormal activity patterns in neural networks associated with OCD.

Among the effects of psilocybin in improving OCD symptoms are:

1. Reducing the intensity of obsessions and compulsions: taking psilocybin may reduce the intensity and recurrence of obsessions and compulsions.

2. Increase mental flexibility: Psilocybin can help people to effectively disengage from their obsessive thoughts and encourage the mind to be more flexible in the face of these thoughts.

3. Experience more reality: with the effect of psilocybin, people may have deeper experiences of reality that can cause a change in attitude to ephedra. In addition to the positive effects, it should be noted that the use of psilocybin may also be accompanied by side effects such as anxiety, exacerbation of obsessions. , mood changes and unpleasant experiences such as hallucinations or false experiences.

Also, psilocybin consumption should be done under the supervision and guidance of professionals and in a safe and controlled environment. This compound is not legal in many countries and its use without legal authorization may cause legal problems.

Therefore, before using psilocybin or any other substance to treat OCD, be sure to consult your doctor and it is better to consider other treatment strategies such as psychotherapy or medications prescribed by the doctor. Also, things like your medical history, medications, and your physical and mental condition should also be taken into consideration in making a decision.

PSILOCYBIN AND OCD

Research supporting psilocybin’s use in treating OCD

Despite a paucity of clinical trials investigating the anti-obsessional effect of psilocybin,

converging evidence from a number of sources, as well as an array of possible

mechanisms of action, lend support to its plausibility as a treatment. Although a

considerable number of user reports on the internet - and one critically acclaimed stand-

up comedy show, developed and performed by an OCD patient - attest to the efficacy of

psilocybin, their comparatively low evidentiary weight preclude their exploration here.

In a rodent model of OCD - marble burying behavior - Matsushima and colleagues

(2009) studied the effects both of psilocybin, and a solution of powdered Psilocybe

argentipes, in mice. While both synthetic psilocybin and the mushroom solution were

recorded to reduce marble burying without reducing general locomotor activity, this

study bears three points worthy of consideration. Firstly, compared to psilocybin, a

much smaller dose of mushroom extract was required to produce significant effects on

marble-burying, suggesting a partial therapeutic role for other components of P.

argentipes. The other psychoactive alkaloids found in the Psilocybe genus, baeocystin

and norbaeocystin, may exert independent effects, or interact with psilocin in an

‘entourage effect’. Secondly, other work investigating psilocybin in rodent models has

failed to detect any therapeutic benefit. Psilocybin produces no change in a rat model of

depression (Jefsen et al., 2019), despite strong antidepressive action being repeatedly

found in human trials. Further research is required to account for this difference, but it

may be that antidepressive action requires cognitive or psychological abilities lacking in

rodents (e.g., the perception and processing of awe or meaning), whereas anti-

obsessional effects are mainly driven by direct pharmacological mechanisms. Finally,

any proposed pharmacological model of the reduction of marble-burying should aim to

go beyond a simple account of agonism at one receptor, since P. argentipes did not

produce a proportional dose-response relationship, displaying instead an inverted ueffect..

The important thing is that most of the positive changes that occur after well-planned psilocybin therapy by a psychotherapist occur after the session. And during the session, a person just feels all the usual attributes of a trip, such as hallucinations, changes in the nature of the flow of thoughts, changes in attitude. Again, these feelings are not the end goal of therapy, but its side effect, as if we were considering top nootropics for the long term. Therefore, taking psilocybin for the sake of glitches is like accelerating a plane so that the engine roars louder.

An important point that will be repeated several times in the text: just because something causes a boost in neuroplasticity, this does not mean that a person will have a positive effect. And this is not necessarily evidence that the therapy was successful. For neuroplasticity to have a therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction, it must help a person become more adaptive, develop skills or feelings that will help him function more effectively in life.

The material also touches on the topic of how the conditions of a psilocybin trip affect a person. How does the condition change if therapy is carried out with closed or open eyes, do phases with closed and open eyes alternate, and does music play during the procedure? Moreover, depending on what kind of music was played during the procedure, how a person will feel a few days, weeks and months after a course of psilocybin therapy depends. Which already offers effectiveness at the level of what CBT psychology offers.

The doغير مجاز مي باشدe, types of psilocybin and the number of psilocybin sessions are also important. Even one psilocybin trip can improve your mood in the long term. But most clinical studies use two doses, very precisely spaced apart. And all the auxiliary factors: closed/open eyes, music and the work of the sitter are extremely important.

So whether you are interested in participating in or setting up a clinical trial using psilocybin, or are interested in psilocybin for other reasons, this information is critical to understand.

Disclaimer 2: At the time of writing and publication of this material, in 2023, psilocybin is still a banned substance in most countries of the world. Unless, in the state of Oregon, psilocybin was approved for therapeutic use for certain diseases: namely, to get rid of depression and several forms of addiction. So in Oregon it is more or less decriminalized, but not legal. But in general, psilocybin and other psychedelics are still considered illegal. Possession and sale of psilocybin is punishable by law. Do not use psilocybin without government approval or in violation of the law.

The reason for writing/translating the material is that I believe that with this knowledge, you will be able to draw your own conclusions about what psilocybin mushrooms are and what role they can play in human life.

American researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine believe that psilocybin therapy reduces symptoms of major depressive disorder four times more successfully than antidepressants. Psilocybin is a psychoactive substance found in magic mushrooms that causes an altered state of consciousness.

As outlined in their paper in JAMA Psychiatry, the researchers conducted a small pilot trial of psilocybin therapy in 27 people aged 21 to 75 who had been experiencing major depressive disorder for the past two years.

Participants in the experiment were randomly divided into two groups: 15 volunteers were assigned to psilocycin therapy, and another 12 were placed in a control group, which was supposedly delayed treatment. The experiment lasted a month, during which time the participants stopped taking antidepressants.

Volunteers were given two gelatin capsules with psilocybin (20 and 30 milligrams), the break between sessions lasted two weeks. Participants in the experimental treatment also attended psychotherapy sessions.

To assess the severity of depression, scientists used the Hamilton scale, which consists of 21 points. They are completed by the clinician during an interview with the patient and allow symptoms to be identified.

The experiment showed that after a month of psilocybin therapy, 71% of volunteers experienced a reduction in symptoms by 50% or more. According to study author Allan Davis, it is four times more effective than traditional antidepressants.

The next step is to conduct a phase two trial with a large number of volunteers. Additionally, the long-term effects of psilocybin therapy need to be studied.

American researchers reported the success of the second phase of clinical trials of combined individual and group psilocybin psychotherapy for the treatment of major depression in cancer patients. A report on the work was published in the journal Cancer; a separate publication in the same publication is devoted to the study of the subjective perception of such treatment.

Depression often accompanies cancer; clinically significant manifestations are observed in one out of three to four patients. At the same time, the traditional approach to treatment, including psychotherapy and the prescription of antidepressants, is often not effective enough. Because of this, psychedelic psychotherapy, including the use of psilocybin, is of great interest, which in clinical trials has repeatedly demonstrated high effectiveness in the treatment of major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders.

The open-label (non-blinded) phase 2 clinical trial, conducted by Sunstone Therapies CEO Manish Agrawal and colleagues from several US research centers, included 30 cancer patients (average age 56 years). For two thirds of them, one to four years have passed since diagnosis; in 53.3 percent the disease was metastatic and inoperable. Among oncological diseases, breast cancer predominated (33.3 percent), as well as leukemia and lymphoma (26.7 percent). All participants suffered from major depressive disorder without moderate or severe psychotic features (HAM-D score 18 or more). They were not taking antidepressants, antipsychotics or medical cannabis at the time of recruitment.

After interview, assessment, and screening, each participant was assigned to an individual therapist and completed two orientation sessions that included information about psilocybin therapy. They then participated in weekly therapy sessions for eight weeks with 25 milligrams of synthetic psilocybin. In these sessions, the drug was administered to three to four patients at a time, who stayed in adjacent rooms of a community cancer center alone with their therapist for 4.25 hours, and then came together for 3.75 hours for group support and integration of the experience.

The dynamics of depression severity during therapy were assessed using the MADRS scale. At the eighth week, it decreased by an average of 19.1 points (p < 0.0001) compared to baseline. Sustained response to treatment was observed in 80 percent of participants; exactly half achieved complete remission of depressive symptoms in the first week, which persisted throughout the study. No serious side effects were recorded. Some patients complained of moderate and transient nausea and headache. Laboratory tests and ECG were without abnormalities. The participants did not show suicidal tendencies.

To determine the acceptability of combined individual and group psychotherapy using psilocybin for patients, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with patients in a separate study; 28 people took part in them. In general, patients rated this approach positively in terms of both effectiveness and safety. Group sessions, on the one hand, increased their sense of security and preparedness, on the other hand, generated feelings of connectedness and community that helped to enrich and deepen everyone’s personal experience.

A recent study by Israeli scientists found that the mushroom extract may demonstrate superior effectiveness compared to chemically synthesized psilocybin, especially in stimulating neuroplasticity and promoting the development of new connections between nerve cells - a very important property. This breakthrough opens up potential applications for treating depression, PTSD and schizophrenia. The study results were published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

In work led by researchers Dr. Tsuri Lifshitz and psychiatrist Prof. Bernard Lehrer from Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, with the participation of graduate student Orrom Shahar and Dr. Alexander Botvinnik, the scientists found that a mushroom extract containing psilocybin may have more potent and long-lasting effects on synaptic plasticity in the brain. compared to chemically synthesized psilocybin.

Millions of people around the world suffer from mental disorders, and many patients remain refractory to existing pharmaceutical treatments. Alarming statistics show that 40% of people suffering from depression find no relief from currently available medications, a similar trend among people with OCD.

Moreover, with approximately 0.5% of the population suffering from schizophrenia, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions tailored to those who do not benefit from existing medications.

Preliminary study results shed light on the discrepancy in effectiveness between psilocybin-containing mushroom extract and chemically synthesized psilocybin. Notably, the extract increased levels of synaptic proteins associated with neuroplasticity in key brain regions including the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum.

Metabolomic analysis also revealed notable differences between the mushroom extract containing psilocybin and ocd chemically synthesized psilocybin. The extract demonstrated a distinct metabolic profile related to oxidative stress and energy production pathways.

These findings open up new possibilities for the therapeutic use of natural psychedelic compounds, offering hope to those who have found little relief in traditional psychiatric treatments. As demand for innovative solutions continues to grow, psychedelic drug research represents a critical avenue for the development of novel and personalized medicines.

Additionally, Western medicine has historically favored the isolation of active compounds rather than the use of extracts, primarily to achieve better control over doغير مجاز مي باشدes and the onset of known effects during treatment. The challenge with extracts has been that in the past it has not been possible to consistently produce an accurate product with a consistent composition. In contrast, ancient medical practices, especially those that attributed therapeutic benefits to psychedelic medicine, included the use of extracts or whole foods, such as consuming the entire mushroom.

The main problem with natural extracts is achieving a stable composition, especially in plants, but mushrooms are unique in this regard. The composition of fungi is influenced by their growth environment, including factors such as substrate composition, CO2/O2 ratio, light exposure, temperature and microbiological environment. Despite these factors, controlled cultivation makes it possible to “tame” the mushrooms and obtain a reproducible extract.

Psilocybin therapy is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the psychedelic compound psilocybin, found in certain species of mushrooms, to facilitate psychological healing and personal growth. It involves the guided administration of psilocybin in a controlled and supportive setting, accompanied by a trained therapist or facilitator.

Psilocybin therapy has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential in treating various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addiction. The psychedelic experience induced by psilocybin is believed to offer unique therapeutic benefits, such as enhanced introspection, emotional release, and the potential for profound insights and spiritual experiences.

During a psilocybin therapy session, individuals are carefully prepared for the experience, including discussions about intentions, expectations, and potential effects. The actual session typically involves ingesting a predetermined dose of psilocybin in a calm and supportive environment, with the therapist or facilitator offering guidance and support throughout the journey.

The effects of psilocybin can vary depending on factors such as doغير مجاز مي باشدe, set (mental and emotional state before ingestion), and setting (physical and social environment). Participants may experience a wide range of sensations, emotions, and altered states of consciousness during the session. The therapist or facilitator helps create a safe and comfortable space for individuals to explore their inner experiences, process emotions, and gain insights into their thoughts, behaviors, and life circumstances.

Psilocybin therapy often incorporates integration sessions, which occur after the psychedelic experience. These sessions allow individuals to reflect on and integrate the insights gained during the session into their daily lives. Integration may involve discussing the experience, exploring its meaning, and identifying ways to apply newfound perspectives and insights to personal growth and healing.

Research on psilocybin therapy has shown promising results, with studies suggesting significant reductions in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and improvements in quality of life. The therapeutic benefits of psilocybin are thought to be related to its ability to disrupt rigid patterns of thinking, promote neuroplasticity, and facilitate emotional processing and self-reflection.

It's important to note that psilocybin therapy should only be administered by trained professionals in a controlled and legal setting. The therapy requires careful screening, appropriate dosing, and therapeutic support to ensure safety and maximize the potential benefits while minimizing potential risks.

Psilocybin therapy represents a paradigm shift in mental health treatment, offering a novel approach to addressing various psychological conditions. Ongoing research and clinical trials continue to explore its therapeutic potential, further refining protocols, and providing evidence-based guidelines for its use.

While psilocybin therapy shows promise, it is essential to approach it with caution and respect for its powerful effects. The therapy should always be conducted within a comprehensive treatment framework that includes proper screening, professional guidance, and integration support.

Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly referred to as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a type of fungi that contain the psychoactive compound psilocybin. These mushrooms have a long history of use in various cultures for their hallucinogenic properties and spiritual significance.

Psilocybin mushrooms belong to the genus Psilocybe, and there are many species found worldwide. They typically have a distinct appearance, with a cap and stem, and can vary in color and size depending on the species. The active compound, psilocybin, is converted to psilocin in the body, which interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to altered perception, mood, and cognition.

When consumed, psilocybin mushrooms can induce a range of effects, including visual and auditory hallucinations, changes in sensory perception, and an altered state of consciousness. The intensity and duration of these effects can vary depending on factors such as the species of mushroom, doغير مجاز مي باشدe, individual sensitivity, and set and setting.

Many cultures throughout history have used psilocybin mushrooms for spiritual and ceremonial purposes. Indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica, such as the Aztecs and the Mazatec, have a long tradition of using sacred mushrooms for religious rituals and healing practices. These mushrooms were believed to facilitate communication with the spiritual realm and provide insights into the nature of existence.

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in psilocybin mushrooms for their potential therapeutic benefits. Research studies have explored their use in the treatment of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. Preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted therapy may help individuals experience profound insights, reduce anxiety and depression symptoms, and enhance psychological well-being.

It's important to note that the use of psilocybin mushrooms carries risks and should be approached with caution. The intensity of the psychedelic experience and the potential for psychological and emotional challenges during a trip make responsible use and informed decision-making crucial. Additionally, the legality of psilocybin mushrooms varies across jurisdictions, and their use may have legal consequences.

If considering the use of psilocybin mushrooms, it is advisable to seek guidance from experienced individuals or professionals knowledgeable about their effects and potential risks. Proper preparation, a supportive environment, and integration of the experience afterward can contribute to a safe and meaningful journey.

In conclusion, psilocybin mushrooms have a rich history of use as entheogens and are increasingly recognized for their potential therapeutic applications. Their unique effects on consciousness and the mind continue to captivate researchers, individuals seeking personal growth, and those interested in exploring altered states of perception. However, responsible use, respect for cultural traditions, and adherence to legal regulations are essential when engaging with psilocybin mushrooms.

Clinical trials using psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential therapeutic applications. These trials aim to investigate the safety and efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in treating various mental health conditions.

Psilocybin has shown promise in the treatment of conditions such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders. Clinical trials involving psilocybin typically follow rigorous protocols and guidelines to ensure participant safety and generate reliable data.

During a psilocybin-assisted therapy session, participants are carefully prepared and guided by trained professionals in a supportive environment. The experience is often described as a "trip" or psychedelic journey, where individuals undergo an altered state of consciousness and may experience profound insights, emotional release, and a sense of interconnectedness.

These clinical trials aim to assess the therapeutic effects of psilocybin by measuring outcomes such as reductions in depressive symptoms, improvements in emotional well-being, and changes in neural activity. Psychological assessments, brain imaging techniques, and follow-up evaluations are employed to gather data and evaluate the potential benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy.

Preliminary findings from clinical trials using psilocybin have shown promising results. Studies have reported significant reductions in depressive symptoms, decreased anxiety, and improvements in quality of life following psilocybin-assisted therapy. Furthermore, the effects of a single session have been shown to persist for weeks or even months in some cases, suggesting the potential for long-lasting therapeutic benefits.

It's important to note that clinical trials using psilocybin are still ongoing, and more research is needed to determine optimal dosing, treatment protocols, and potential risks associated with its use. These trials are carried out under strict regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines, with a focus on participant safety and the generation of high-quality scientific evidence.

The results of these clinical trials have contributed to a growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy. However, it is crucial to emphasize that psilocybin should only be used under the guidance of trained professionals in the context of a clinical trial or a legally sanctioned therapeutic setting.

As research continues, clinical trials using psilocybin hold promise for revolutionizing mental health treatment. They offer a potential alternative for individuals who have not responded well to conventional therapies, opening up new possibilities for understanding the mind, consciousness, and the treatment of mental health disorders.

Psilocybin therapy is an emerging treatment approach that utilizes the psychedelic compound psilocybin, found in certain species of mushrooms, for therapeutic purposes. Psilocybin therapy involves the administration of a moderate to high dose of psilocybin in a controlled and supportive therapeutic setting. This therapy has gained attention for its potential in addressing a range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, addiction, and existential distress.

The therapeutic effects of psilocybin are thought to be multifaceted. Psilocybin interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, which is believed to play a role in modulating mood, cognition, and perception. The altered state of consciousness induced by psilocybin can lead to profound and transformative experiences, allowing individuals to gain new perspectives, insights, and emotional breakthroughs. These experiences can promote psychological healing, enhance self-awareness, and foster a sense of connectedness.

Psilocybin therapy typically involves a series of preparatory sessions, the psilocybin session itself, and follow-up integration sessions. The preparatory sessions help individuals set intentions, prepare mentally and emotionally for the experience, and establish a therapeutic relationship with the facilitators. During the psilocybin session, individuals are closely monitored by trained therapists who provide emotional support and guidance as they navigate their psychedelic experience. Integration sessions allow individuals to process and integrate insights gained during the experience into their daily lives.

Research on psilocybin therapy has shown promising results. Studies have indicated that psilocybin-assisted therapy can lead to significant and sustained improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as increased quality of life and overall well-being. Moreover, the effects of psilocybin therapy have been reported to be enduring, with individuals experiencing long-lasting positive changes in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

It is important to note that psilocybin therapy should only be conducted under the guidance of trained professionals in a safe and controlled environment. The therapy is not suitable for everyone and may not be appropriate for individuals with certain medical or psychiatric conditions. Additionally, the legal status of psilocybin varies across countries, and it is essential to adhere to local laws and regulations.

The therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction refers to the positive impact that psilocybin-assisted therapy can have on individuals struggling with addiction. Psilocybin, the active compound found in "magic mushrooms," has shown promise in helping individuals address various forms of addiction, such as substance use disorders including alcoholism and tobacco addiction. Psilocybin-assisted therapy involves administering a moderate or high dose of psilocybin in a controlled therapeutic setting, accompanied by preparatory and integration sessions. The therapeutic effects of psilocybin in addiction can be attributed to several factors.

Firstly, psilocybin has the potential to induce profound and transformative experiences. These experiences can lead to increased self-awareness, new perspectives, and insights into the underlying causes and patterns of addictive behavior. This heightened self-awareness can foster a shift in mindset and motivation for change.

Secondly, psilocybin has been found to promote neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections. Psilocybin can modulate brain networks involved in addiction, such as the default mode network, and enhance communication between different brain regions. This neuroplasticity may contribute to breaking entrenched patterns of addictive behavior and forming healthier habits.

Furthermore, psilocybin-assisted therapy can facilitate emotional healing and the resolution of underlying psychological issues. Many individuals with addiction have experienced trauma or unresolved emotional pain, which can contribute to their addictive behaviors. Psilocybin-assisted therapy provides a safe and supportive environment for individuals to process and release these emotional burdens.

It's important to note that the therapeutic effects of psilocybin in addiction extend beyond the pharmacological effects of the substance itself. The therapeutic process involves the guidance of trained therapists who provide support, integration, and help individuals make meaning of their experiences. Integration sessions following the psilocybin session are crucial in translating insights gained during the experience into sustained behavior change and improved well-being.

While research on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin in addiction is still ongoing, initial studies have shown promising results in terms of sustained improvements in addiction-related outcomes. However, it's essential for psilocybin-assisted therapy to be conducted under the guidance of trained professionals and within a safe and controlled environment.

In summary, the therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction refers to the positive impact that psilocybin-assisted therapy can have on individuals struggling with addiction. The transformative experiences, neuroplasticity promotion, emotional healing, and supportive therapeutic process are key elements contributing to the potential efficacy of psilocybin-assisted therapy in addiction treatment.

EPIsoDE - A Phase II Clinical Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin in Treatment-Refractory Unipolar Depression

Depression is one of the most common illnesses of all. Resistance to therapy is also common. In the approval and effectiveness studies of the various medications, a third to half of the patients do not respond to treatment lasting several weeks. Despite intensive research, there is still a lack of effective therapeutic approaches in the event that the previously approved medications do not work.

A possible approach in the treatment of therapy-resistant depression is the use of psilocybin. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring substance from special types of mushrooms. In humans, psilocybin has a psychoactive effect and can produce euphoria, physical lightness and hallucinations. In addition to findings from the 1950s and 60s, more recent Clinical Trials Using Psilocybine suggest the effectiveness and safety of psilocybin in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression, depression and anxiety associated with terminal illnesses, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorders. The aim of the project is a bicentric clinical study with patients with treatment-resistant depression. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the safety of the application and to obtain initial indications of the effectiveness of the therapy.

As is the case with psilocybin in the treatment of depression, there is no immediate commercial interest from pharmaceutical companies in further clinical development for many new, potentially effective therapeutic approaches due to a limited range of applications or high scientific and technical risks. One of the central challenges is to investigate such therapeutic approaches so that patients can benefit from them as quickly as possible. In the “Early Clinical Studies” funding measure, the BMBF therefore promotes the implementation of science-initiated early clinical studies up to Phase II and helps ensure that new therapeutic approaches are pursued further.

They couldn't stop him. An 18-year-old consumed psilocybin mushrooms, also known as magic mushrooms, with friends. Two people also took mushrooms, and another person limited himself to smoking weed. During the session, the 18-year-old initially isolated himself from the others in the bathroom. Suddenly he came out naked, behaved unusually aggressively and showed a strong urge to jump from the balcony.

The other two people, who were also on a mushroom trip, were too busy with themselves to intervene. The person, who was just stoned, tried to stop him, but couldn't prevent the accident. The 18-year-old did not survive the fall from the second floor.

Fatal accidents following psilocybin are rare, but do occur

How could that happen? Examinations of the stomach contents as well as further blood and urine analyzes led to the conclusion that he was actually only under the influence of psilocybin. The cannabis active ingredient THC could only be detected in low concentrations. This suggests that the last joint was some time ago and did not play a role at the time of the accident.

The 18-year-old grew the mushrooms himself in his apartment. His friends said he had consumed the mushrooms in the past to overcome his shyness. But that is certainly not enough to explain his behavior. There were no other signs of psychological problems.

The medical team reporting on the case has researched other cases. According to the research, fatal accidents appear to be rare, but they do occur from time to time. According to the authors, the case of the 18-year-old demonstrates that a trip can be associated with incalculable risks even under seemingly safe conditions, such as consumption with friends.

Low toxicity, but exceptional psychological situation

The immediate toxicity of psilocybin, however, is rather low. Based on animal experiments with rats, it can be estimated that an adult human would have to eat around 17 kilograms of fresh psilocybin mushrooms to absorb a potentially fatal dose. Since the body usually reacts with nausea and vomiting at this amount, it is not to be expected that users will die from the immediate effect. Above all, it is unexpected behavior that can lead to life-threatening accidents when intoxicated.

However, the dose can play a role. The higher the amount of psilocybin consumed, the higher the likelihood of particularly intense intoxication. Intoxication can cause exceptional psychological situations, particularly in inexperienced people, but also in experienced people. This is shown by a survey among consumers in which almost 2,000 people took part.

Horror trip even for experienced consumers

Study leader Roland Griffiths and his team from Johns Hopkins University in the USA asked those surveyed to remember their worst mushroom horror trip and to provide information about it. As was to be expected, the majority of participants took part who had had multiple experiences with hallucinogenic mushrooms. Her worst horror trip was preceded by between six and ten episodes of mushroom consumption. At the time of the survey they were on average 30 years old.

Around three quarters of those surveyed said that they were actually in good spirits before their horror trip. Most of them consumed with friends and felt that they were in good hands. However, only three percent of those surveyed had a “tripsitter” on their side. This is a person who stays sober and can help if the worst comes to the worst.

Introduction:
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of mushrooms, has garnered increasing interest in recent years for its potential therapeutic benefits in various mental health conditions. This article provides an overview of psilocybin, its effects, potential benefits, and important considerations surrounding its use.

What is Psilocybin?
Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound that belongs to the class of drugs known as psychedelics. It is derived from certain species of mushrooms, commonly referred to as "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms." When ingested, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to altered perception, cognition, and experiences.

Effects of Psilocybin:
The effects of psilocybin can vary widely depending on factors such as doغير مجاز مي باشدe, individual susceptibility, and the environment in which it is consumed. Common effects include changes in sensory perception, altered thinking patterns, mood elevation, and a sense of interconnectedness. These experiences are often described as mystical or spiritual and can last several hours.

Potential Therapeutic Benefits:
Research into the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin has shown promising results in various mental health conditions. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in treating conditions such as treatment-resistant depression, anxiety disorders (including end-of-life anxiety in cancer patients), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders. Psilocybin-assisted therapy has shown potential to facilitate profound psychological insights, promote emotional healing, and enhance overall well-being.

Considerations and Risks:
While the therapeutic potential of psilocybin is being explored, it is important to approach its use with caution. Some considerations and risks include:

Legal Status: Psilocybin is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in many countries, including the United States. Its possession, use, and distribution are illegal in most jurisdictions except in approved research settings.

Set and Setting: The mindset and environment in which psilocybin is consumed can significantly influence the experience. It is crucial to have a supportive, safe, and supervised setting to minimize potential risks.

Psychological Vulnerability: Individuals with a history of mental health conditions or a predisposition to psychosis should approach psilocybin with caution, as it can trigger or exacerbate underlying psychological issues.

Potential Risks: While psilocybin is generally considered to have a low risk of physical toxicity, it can induce acute psychological distress, known as a "bad trip." Additionally, some users may experience feelings of confusion, paranoia, or anxiety during the experience.

Responsible Use: If considering psilocybin use, it is important to acquire mushrooms from a trusted and reliable source, accurately measure the doغير مجاز مي باشدe, and have a sober and trusted individual present as a trip sitter.

Conclusion:
Psilocybin has shown promise as a potential therapeutic tool in the field of mental health. Ongoing research and clinical trials aim to further understand its effects, safety profile, and optimal therapeutic approaches. However, it is essential to approach psilocybin use responsibly, with proper knowledge, guidance, and consideration of legal implications. As the field evolves, it is crucial to consult with healthcare professionals and stay informed about the latest scientific developments and legal regulations surrounding psilocybin.